Drought These are the areas that do not have the luxury of even rainfall distribution, but have prolonged dry season. Drought in rainfed lowlands reduces crop productivity, depending on when this occurs relative to the growth stage of the rice plant.
Salinity These are areas where rice lands are near coastal areas, and where tidal intrusion of seawater, inland areas and/or underlying rock is rich in sodium salts, or areas where soluble salts accumulate through river streams or canals.
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Submergence These are areas that are exposed to frequent heavy rainfall or flooding.
Uplands Like the drought-prone environments, the upland areas are also exposed to long dry spells where there is also very little water available.
Climate change The newest group to be formed is the Climate Change Work Group. This group focuses on developing approaches and assisting farmers in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation to climate change and more severe climate extremes.
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